{"id":3364,"date":"2021-06-17T23:07:37","date_gmt":"2021-06-17T17:37:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.24x7serversupport.com\/blog\/?p=3364"},"modified":"2023-01-23T16:26:10","modified_gmt":"2023-01-23T10:56:10","slug":"tcpdump-cheat-sheet-with-examples","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.24x7serversupport.com\/blog\/tcpdump-cheat-sheet-with-examples\/","title":{"rendered":"Tcpdump cheat sheet with examples"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>When it comes to network troubleshooting and monitoring, what types of tools you are using make a world of difference. While required tools may vary depending on the types of network problems you are dealing with, there are a set of essential tools that every network administrator must be familiar with, and <code>tcpdump<\/code> is definitely one of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><code>tcpdump<\/code> is a command-line tool packet sniffing that allows you to capture network packets based on packet filtering rules, interpret captured packet content, and display the result in a human-readable format. The main power of <code>tcpdump<\/code> comes from its (1) <strong>flexible packet filtering rules<\/strong> and (2) <strong>versatile protocol dissection capability<\/strong>. Although GUI-based Wireshark provides equally powerful filtering\/dissecting capabilities via a more user-friendly interface, its relatively high memory footprint (for buffering packets) and GUI-based operations make Wireshark unsuitable when you are troubleshooting directly from remote headless servers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using <code>tcpdump<\/code>, you can troubleshoot a wide range of network issues including but not limited to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Packet loss diagnosis<\/strong>: Detect packet loss and diagnose the cause for dropped packets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Application performance<\/strong>: Estimate application-level latency from packet timestamps.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Rogue DHCP server detection<\/strong>: Discover DHCP responses from unauthorized DHCP servers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Multi-homed routing<\/strong>: Verify traffic routing in multi-homed environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Firewall debugging<\/strong>: Troubleshoot packet filtering rules in the firewall.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>VLAN misconfiguration<\/strong>: Monitor VLAN tags carried by traffic from a specific network interface.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Penetration analysis<\/strong>: Sniff and analyze malicious traffic on local network.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The rest of the post provides a comprehensive <strong><code>tcpdump<\/code> cheat sheet<\/strong>, which illustrates different types of packet capture scenarios using actual <strong><code>tcpdump<\/code> examples<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Capture Packets from a Specific Network Interface<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When running <code>tcpdump<\/code>, typically you specify, with <code>-i<\/code> option, which network interface you want to monitor traffic on. If you do not specify a network interface, <code>tcpdump<\/code> will listen on a <em>default<\/em> network interface, which is the lowest-number interface in the network interface list. <code>tcpdump -D<\/code> will show the network interface list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets received on network interface <code>docker0<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -i docker0\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Capture Packets from All Available Network Interfaces<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Suppose there are multiple network interfaces on your system, and you want to capture traffic from all those interfaces simultaneously. Exactly for this purpose <code>tcpdump<\/code> provides a special interface name called &#8220;<code>any<\/code>&#8220;. Thus, simply run <code>tcpdump<\/code> with <code>-i any<\/code> option to capture traffic from all available network interfaces.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -i any\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Change the Output Format<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To print the layer-2 header information such as MAC addresses:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -e\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"output\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">13:27:18.002070 <strong>9c:b6:d0:fe:4d:95<\/strong> (oui Unknown) &gt; <strong>48:d6:e5:7b:81:70<\/strong> (oui Unknown), <strong>ethertype IPv4 (0x0800)<\/strong>, length 66: xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.33800 &gt; xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.8009: Flags [.], ack 111, win 501, options [nop,nop,TS val 1624743259 ecr 4014866], length 0\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To print IP addresses and port numbers without DNS lookup or port name conversion:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -n\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"output\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">13:30:50.832688 IP <strong>75.135.195.199.443<\/strong> &gt; <strong>192.168.1.236.35267<\/strong>: UDP, length 45\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To adjust the verbosity of output:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -v\n$ sudo tcpdump -vv\n$ sudo tcpdump -vvv\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Capture Packets with a Specific IP Address or a Subnet<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets from a source IP address <code>8.8.8.8<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump src 8.8.8.8\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets originating from a source subnet <code>192.168.100.0\/24<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump src net 192.168.100.0\/24\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets with a destination IP address <code>10.0.0.1<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump dst 10.0.0.1\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets with a destination address prefix <code>192.168.100.0\/24<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump dst net 192.168.100.0\/24\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Capture Packets between Two Hosts or Two Subnets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets from <code>10.10.0.1<\/code> to <code>192.168.100.54<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump src 10.10.0.1 and dst 192.168.100.54\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets from source network <code>10.10.0.0\/24<\/code> to destination network <code>192.168.100.0\/24<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump src net 10.10.0.0\/24 and dst net 192.168.100.0\/24\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets between <code>10.10.0.1<\/code> and <code>192.168.100.54<\/code> in both directions:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump host 10.10.0.1 and host 192.168.100.54\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets between two subnets <code>10.10.0.0\/24<\/code> and <code>192.168.100.0.\/24<\/code> in both directions:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">sudo tcpdump net 10.10.0.0\/24 and net 192.168.100.0\/24\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Capture Packets with a Specific Network Protocol<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><code>tcpdump<\/code> allows you to capture network traffic with a specific network protocol. For well-known layer-3 or layer-4 protocols, you just need to specify their names. For other types of transport protocols (e.g., DHCP, DNS, SSH), you can filter them based on their port numbers (shown next).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture IP packets only:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump ip\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture ICMP packets only:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump icmp\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture ARP (request\/response) packets only:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump arp\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture IPv6 packets only:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump ip6\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture TCP packets only:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump tcp\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture UDP packets only:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump udp\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture TCP packets between 10.10.0.1 and 192.168.100.54 in both directions:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump tcp and host 10.10.0.1 and host 192.168.100.54\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. Capture Packets with Specific TCP\/UDP Port(s)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets with destination port 80:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump dst port 80\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture UDP packets with source port 4001:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump udp src port 4001\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture SSH packets (either source or destination port 22):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump port 22\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture DNS packets (either source or destination port 53):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump port 53\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets with port 80 or 8000:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump port 80 or port 8000\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets with TCP port 80 or UDP port 4001:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump 'tcp port 80 or udp port 4001'\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets with port numbers between 800 and 900:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump portrange 800-900\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture TCP packets with destination port range of [8000, 8010]:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump tcp dst portrange 8000-8010\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">8. Capture All Packets Excluding My Own SSH Session<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If my SSH session is originating from <code>192.168.100.250<\/code>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump port not 22 and not host 192.168.100.250\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">9. Capture the First N Number of Packets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture the first 100 TCP packets:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -c 100 tcp\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">10. Capture Packets with Specific Packet Length<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets whose length are greater than 200 bytes:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump greater 200\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture TCP packets with destination port 80, and whose size are smaller than 200 bytes:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump tcp dst port 80 and less 200\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that the <code>greater<\/code> and <code>less<\/code> operators check the length of an entire packet, including all headers (e.g., Ethernet, IP, TCP headers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets with packet size between 200 and 500 bytes:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump not less 200 and not greater 500\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">11. Capture Packets with Specific MAC addresses<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You can filter packets by MAC address with the <code>ether<\/code> qualifier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture layer-2 broadcast traffic (i.e., packets with destination MAC address <code>ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff<\/code>):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump ether dst ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets between <code>e8:2b:88:ef:55:11<\/code> and <code>9c:b6:d0:ee:fd:90<\/code> in both directions:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump ether host e8:2b:88:ef:55:11 and ether host 9c:b6:d0:ee:fd:90\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets sent to or received by <code>e8:2b:88:ef:55:11<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump ether host e8:2b:88:ef:55:11\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">12. Print the Payload of Captured Packets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To print the payload of captured TCP packets in ASCII format:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -A tcp\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>Printing packet payload in ASCII format can be useful to inspect (unencrypted) HTTP protocol headers. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To print the payload of captured packets in hexadecimal format:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -X\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">13. Save Captured Packets to a File, and Read Packets from a File<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To save the first 1000 packets to a file <code>trace.pcap<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -c 1000 -w trace.pcap\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To read only TCP packets from a file <code>trace.pcap<\/code>:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ tcpdump -r trace.pcap tcp\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">14. Rotate Packet Capture Files by Time and Size<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When you dump captured packets to a file, the capture file can grow quickly depending on the rate of incoming packets. So you want to rotate capture files regularly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To rotate capture files every hour or every 500 MB, whichever comes first:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -w \/tmp\/trace -W 24 -G 3600 -C 500\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>This will create 24 capture files (\/tmp\/trace00, \/tmp\/trace01, &#8230;, \/tmp\/trace23) in 24 hours. After that, it will overwrite the files from the beginning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To rotate capture files every 30 minutes and name the capture files with collected timestamps:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -w \/tmp\/trace-%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M.pcap -G 1800\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<p>This will create a new trace file every 30 minutes with the following names.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"output\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">\/tmp\/trace-2021-23-29_12-00.pcap\n\/tmp\/trace-2021-23-29_12-30.pcap\n\/tmp\/trace-2021-23-29_13-00.pcap\n\/tmp\/trace-2021-23-29_13-30.pcap\n. . .\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">15. Capture Packets with High-Resolution Timestamp<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>By default <code>tcpdump<\/code> use micro-second resolution for timestamping packets. However, <code>tcpdump<\/code> version 4.6 or later supports nano-second resolution timestamp.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture packets with nano-second resolution:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump --time-stamp-precision nano\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">16. Capture Packets with Different Timestamp Formats<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To print packet timestamp with Unix epoch time (seconds since January 1, 1970):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -tt\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"output\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\"><strong>1617031894.463313<\/strong> IP 192.168.1.236.35627 &gt; 193.194.206.100.443: UDP, length 1350\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To print packet timestamp as the date followed by hours, minutes, seconds, and microseconds:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -tttt\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"output\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\"><strong>2021-03-29 11:33:57.181125<\/strong> IP 192.168.1.236.52472 &gt; 200.189.40.8.123: NTPv4, Client, length 48\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To print relative timestamp (since the first packet captured):<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump -ttttt\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"output\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\"><strong>00:00:00.000000<\/strong> IP 192.168.1.228.49669 &gt; 255.255.255.255.1947: UDP, length 40\n<strong>00:00:00.205198<\/strong> IP 185.199.206.189.443 &gt; 192.168.1.236.35627: UDP, length 44\n<strong>00:00:00.211631<\/strong> IP 192.168.1.236.35627 &gt; 173.194.206.189.443: UDP, length 33\n<strong>00:00:02.356055<\/strong> ARP, Request who-has 192.168.1.1 tell 192.168.1.204, length 46\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To print packet timestamp in a specific time zone:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><code>tcpdump<\/code> prints packet timestamp in the default timezone of your Linux system. If you want to show timestamp in a different timezone, you can specify the timezone in <code>TZ<\/code> environment variable before calling <code>tcpdump<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo TZ=America\/New_York tcpdump\n$ sudo TZ=Europe\/London tcpdump\n$ sudo TZ=Asia\/Seoul tcpdump\n<\/pre>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">17. Capture TCP Control Packets<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><code>tcpdump<\/code>&#8216;s expressive filter allows you to check for any arbitrary byte ranges in a packet. Using this capability, for example, you can capture TCP packets with particular flags in their TCP headers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">To capture TCP SYN packets:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<pre id=\"xterm\" class=\"wp-block-preformatted\">$ sudo tcpdump \"tcp[tcpflags] &amp; (tcp-syn) != 0\"\n<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When it comes to network troubleshooting and monitoring, what types of tools you are using make a world of difference. While required tools may vary depending on the types of network problems you are dealing with, there are a set of essential tools that every network administrator must be familiar with, and tcpdump is definitely [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3487,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false}}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3364","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Tcpdump 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